Class Notes from Sep 14

tʰuʃe atʃʰe -- he is, she is, it is

o atʃʰe -- the pointing version of above

amra -- we

amra dʒatʃʰi -- we go

amraɔ -- we too, we also --> amrɔ (collapsed version?)

tʰumiɔ -- you too, you also (neutral) -- goes with ‘dʒatʃo’

tʰuiɔ -- you too, you also (informal) -- goes with ‘dʒatʃiʃ’

thomra -- y’all (neutral)

apnara -- y’all (formal)

2^nd-person pronouns

                        sg         pl                     associated verb

informal           tʰui      tʰora                dʒatʃiʃ

neutral             tʰumi   tʰomra             dʒatʃo

formal              apni     apnara             dʒatʃen

kukur -- dog

ɔnekːukur -- many dogs (‘should’ be ‘ɔnek kukuɹ’ but sounded like this fused word on first pronunciation)

kukur ɡulo -- dogs

kukur ɡulo daktʃʰe -- The dogs are barking.

keuɡeu kortʃe -- barking

kukur ʈa daktʃʰe -- The dog is barking.

æk ʈa kukur daktʃʰe -- One/A dog is barking.

ɔnek kukur daktʃʰe -- Many dogs are barking.

harɡor -- bones

naɡorʈaɡor -- lands

naɡor -- land

--> words starting with t are not usually redupicated in this manner, but:

tometoʃometo (Paroma only) -- tomatos

teblʃebl -- tables

ʈakaʃaka -- money

tara -- they

ami kʰai -- I eat

ami katʃːʰi -- I am eating

ami tometo kʰai -- I eat tomatoes (in general) -- I am a tomato-eater.

ami tometo katʃːʰi -- I am eating tomatoes.

ami tʰomake tometo kawatʃːʰi -- I am feeding you a tomato.

tʰui tometo kʰaʃ -- You (informal) eat tomatoes.

tʰumi tometo kʰao -- You (neutral) eat tomatoes.

apni tometo kʰan -- You (formal) eat tomatoes.

^ can be statements or commands, but cannot be missing the pronoun if you want them to be a statement

ʃe tometo kʰai -- He/she/it (neutral) eats tomatoes.

tini tometo kʰan -- He/she/it (formal) eats tomatoes.

o tometo kʰai -- That (person) eats tomatoes.

e kukur tometo kʰai -- This dog eats tomatoes.

o kukur tometo kʰai -- That dog eats tomatoes.

tʰumi tometo kʰao? --> rising intonation indicates q, word order seems to not change

amra kʰai -- We eat

amra tometo kʰai -- We eat tomatoes

3p        sg         pl

formal  uni       onara

uni kʰan

onara kʰan

tara kʰai

tara kʰan

tʰora kʰaʃ

tʰomra kʰao

apnara kʰan

^ sound like commands, questions if rise in intonation -- but cannot be statements

dækʰa

ami dekʰi -- I see

amɹa dekʰi -- We see

tʰui dekʰiʃ -- You (informal) see

tʰora dekʰiʃ -- Y’all (informal) see

tʰumi dækʰo -- You (neutral) see

tʰomra dækʰo -- Y’all (neutral) see

apni dɑkʰen -- You (formal) see

apnara dɑkʰen -- Y’all (formal) see

ʃe dakʰe -- He/she/it (neutral) sees

o dakʰe -- That sees

e dakʰe -- This sees

tara dakʰe -- They (neutral) see

tini dakʰen -- He/she/it (formal) sees

tara dakʰen -- They (formal) see

uni dakʰen -- He/she/it (formal) sees

onara dakʰen -- They (formal) see

gʱora -- turn

ami ɡʱuri/ɡʱuɺi -- I turn

tʰui ɡʱuriʃ

tʰumi ɡʱoro

apni ɡʱoren

ʃe/e/o ɡʱore

uni/onara ɡʱoren

ami gʱuɽi -- I am a kite

ami kukur -- I am a dog

haʃi -- laugh, laughter

^ can be noun or verb

ami haʃi -- I laugh

tʰui haʃiʃ -- You laugh

[hamburger] kʰai -- I eat a hamburger.

^ still sounds incomplete -- prodrop probably not possible

^ cannot say just ‘kʰai’ alone

ami kʰatʃːʰi -- I am eating

tʰui kʰatʃːʰiʃ

tʰumi kʰatʃːʰo

apni kʰatʃːʰen

ʃe/e/o kʰatʃːʰe

ami dektʃʰi -- I am seeing

tʰui dektʃʰiʃ

tʰumi dektʃʰo

apni dektʃʰen

ʃe dektʃʰe

en = ɛn when in hurry or colloquial -- ‘should’ be [e]

ami ɡʱultʃʰi -- I was turning

tʰui ɡʱultʃʰiʃ

tʰumi ɡʱultʃʰo

apni ɡʱultʃʰen

ʃe ɡʱultʃʰe

pala -- throw away

ami tometo kʰetʃːʰilam -- I ate the tomato.

kʰe peletʃːʰilam -- I finished eating.

kʰe pala -- to finish eating

ami kʰetʃːʰilam -- I ate (does not specify if finished)